Fresno Poets

Philip Levine was born in Detroit on January 10, 1928. He was formally educated in the Detroit public school system and at Wayne University (now, Wayne State University), Michigan’s only urban public research university. After graduation, Levine worked at a number of industrial jobs, including the night shift at the Chevrolet Gear and Axle factory, reading and writing poems in his off hours.

In 1953, Levine studied at the University of Iowa, earning an MFA from the Iowa Writers’ Workshop. There, Levine studied with poets Robert Lowell and John Berryman, whom Levine called his “one great mentor.”

In 1957, after teaching technical writing in Iowa City, Levine travelled to California, where he hoped to relocate with his wife and two children. Levine was welcomed by the poet Yvor Winters, who agreed to house the aspiring poet until he found a place to live, and later chose Levine for a Stanford Writing Fellowship.

Levine published his debut collection of poems, On the Edge (The Stone Wall Press), in 1961, followed by Not This Pig (Wesleyan University Press) in 1968. Throughout his career, Levine published numerous books of poetry, including News of the World (Alfred A. Knopf, 2009); Breath (Alfred A. Knopf, 2004); The Simple Truth (Alfred A. Knopf, 1994), which won the 1995 Pulitzer Prize; What Work Is (Alfred A. Knopf, 1991), which won the 1991 National Book Award; Ashes: Poems New and Old (Atheneum, 1979), which received the National Book Award, the National Book Critics Circle Award, and the first American Book Award for Poetry; 7 Years From Somewhere (Atheneum, 1979), which won the 1979 National Book Critics Circle Award; The Names of the Lost (1975), which won the 1977 Lenore Marshall Poetry Prize from the Academy of American Poets; and They Feed They Lion (Atheneum, 1972).

About writing poetry when not working the night shift, Levine wrote: “I believed even then that if I could transform my experience into poetry I would give it the value and dignity it did not begin to possess on its own. I thought, too, that if I could write about it I could come to understand it; I believed that if I could understand my life—or at least the part my work played in it—I could embrace it with some degree of joy, an element conspicuously missing from my life.”

In a review of Breath, Publishers Weekly wrote: “Levine writes gritty, fiercely unpretentious free verse about American manliness, physical labor, simple pleasures and profound grief, often set in working-class Detroit (where Levine grew up) or in Central California (where he now resides), sometimes tinged with reference to his Jewish heritage or to the Spanish poets of rapt simplicity ([Antonio] Machado, [Federico García] Lorca) who remain his most visible influence.”

Levine also published nonfiction essays and interviews, collected in So Ask: Essays, Conversations, and Interviews (University of Michigan Press, 2002); The Bread of Time: Toward an Autobiography (University of Michigan Press, 1994); and Don’t Ask (University of Michigan Press, 1981).

As an editor, Levine published The Essential Keats (Ecco Press, 1987). He also coedited and translated two books: Off the Map: Selected Poems of Gloria Fuertes (with Ada Long, Wesleyan University Press, 1984) and Tarumba: The Selected Poems of Jaime Sabines (with Ernesto Trejo, Sarabande Books, 2007).

Levine received the Frank O’Hara Prize, the Harriet Monroe Memorial Prize, the Ruth Lilly Poetry Prize, and two fellowships from the Guggenheim Foundation. For two years, he served as chair of the literature panel of the National Endowment for the Arts.

Levine taught for many years at California State University, Fresno, and served as Distinguished Poet in Residence for the creative writing program at New York University. In 2000, Levine was elected a Chancellor of the Academy of American Poets. In 2011, Levine was named the eighteenth U.S. poet laureate by the Library of Congress. In 2013, he received the Wallace Stevens Award for proven mastery in the art of poetry by the Academy of American Poets.

After retiring from teaching, Levine divided his time between Brooklyn, New York, and Fresno, until his death on February 14, 2015. His final poetry collection, The Last Shift (Alfred A. Knopf), as well as a collection of essays and other writings, My Lost Poets: A Life in Poetry (Alfred A. Knopf), were published posthumously in 2016.

Juan Felipe Herrera was born in Fowler, California, on December 27, 1948. The son of migrant farmers, Herrera moved often, living in trailers or tents along the roads of the San Joaquin Valley in Southern California. As a child, he attended school in a variety of small towns from San Francisco to San Diego. He began drawing cartoons while in middle school, and by high school was playing folk music by Bob Dylan and Woody Guthrie.

Herrera graduated from San Diego High in 1967, and was part of the first wave of Chicanos to receive an Educational Opportunity Program (EOP) scholarship to attend UCLA. There, he became immersed in the Chicano Civil Rights Movement, and began performing in experimental theater, influenced by Allen Ginsberg and playwright Luis Valdez. In 1972, Herrera received a BA in social anthropology from UCLA. He received an MA in social anthropology from Stanford University in 1980, and went on to earn an MFA from the University of Iowa Writers’ Workshop in 1990.

Herrera’s interests in Indigenous cultures inspired him to lead a formal Chicano trek to Indigenous Mexican villages, from the rain forest of Chiapas to the mountains of Nayarit. The experience changed him as an artist. His work, which includes video, photography, theater, poetry, prose, and performance, has made Herrera a leading voice on the Mexican American and Indigenous experience.

Herrera is the author of many collections of poetry, including Every Day We Get More Illegal (City Lights, 2020); Notes on the Assemblage (City Lights, 2015); Senegal Taxi (University of Arizona Press, 2013); Half of the World in Light: New and Selected Poems (University of Arizona Press, 2008), a recipient of the PEN/Beyond Margins Award and a National Book Critics Circle Award; 187 Reasons Mexicanos Can’t Cross The Border: Undocuments 1971–2007 (City Lights, 2007); and Crashboomlove (University of New Mexico Press, 1999), a novel in verse, which received the Americas Award. His books of prose for children include Lejos / Far (Candlewick, 2019); Jabberwalking (Candlewick, 2018), which won an International Latino Book Award; Upside Down Boy / El Niño de Cabeza (Children’s Book Press / Libros Para Nińos, 2006), which was adapted into a musical in New York City; and Cinnamon Girl: Letters Found Inside a Cereal Box (HarperCollins, 2005), which tells the tragedy of 9/11 through the eyes of a young Puerto Rican girl.

Ilan Stavans, the Mexican American essayist, has said:

There is one constant over the past three decades in Chicano literature and his name is Juan Felipe Herrera. Aesthetically, he leaps over so many canons that he winds up on the outer limits of urban song. And spiritually, he is deep into the quest that we all must begin before it is too late.

In a profile of Herrera in The New York Times, Stephanie Burt wrote:

Many poets since the 1960s have dreamed of a new hybrid art, part oral, part written, part English, part something else: an art grounded in ethnic identity, fueled by collective pride, yet irreducibly individual too. Many poets have tried to create such an art: Herrera is one of the first to succeed.

Herrera has received fellowships and grants from the Breadloaf Writers’ Conference, the California Arts Council, the National Endowment for the Arts, the Stanford Chicano Fellows Program, and the University of California at Berkeley. In 2015, he received the L.A. Times Book Prize’s Robert Kirsch Award for lifetime achievement. In 2021, he received the Fred Cody Award for Lifetime Achievement & Service presented by the Northern California Book Awards. In 2023, he was named the recipient of the Frost Medal for distinguished lifetime achievement in poetry. Herrera also holds honorary degrees from California State University, Fresno, Skidmore College, and Oregon State University.

Over the past three decades, Herrera has founded a number of performance ensembles, and has taught poetry, art, and performance in community art galleries and correctional facilities. He has taught at the University of Iowa Writers’ Workshop and served as chair of the Chicano and Latin American studies department at California State University, Fresno. In 2015, Herrera was named poet laureate of the United States, for which he launched the project La Casa de Colores, which invites citizens to contribute to an epic poem. Herrera is professor emeritus at California State University, Fresno, and University of California, Riverside. He served as a Chancellor of the Academy of American Poets from 2011 to 2016. 

Read Juan Felipe’s letters to students.